Municipal
Cities are paving the way for a greener future by transitioning their municipal fleets to zero-emission vehicles, reducing air pollution and fighting climate change.


Commitments made by the federal government more than a decade ago to fund the development of battery electric and fuel cell electric transit buses are now paying dividends in other commercial vehicle markets.

CTE collaborates with municipalities to design and implement customized charging solutions, considering factors such as vehicle types, usage patterns, and available power sources. We ensure that municipalities have the infrastructure in place to support their ZEV transition seamlessly.
Our Services: Smart Deployment
CTE can help municipal fleets execute a smart deployment beginning in the planning phase. From assessing fleet needs to identifying key operational constraints, CTE’s expertise ensures that municipalities are able to make informed, data-driven decisions. A well-executed deployment plan minimizes disruptions, optimizes fleet performance, and aligns with long-term sustainability goals.
CTE’s modeling tools analyze real-world route data, vehicle energy consumption, and refueling/recharging requirements to determine the most efficient deployment strategy. This includes calculating the appropriate battery capacity for electric vehicles or the hydrogen storage needed for fuel cell vehicles. By simulating different operational scenarios, CTE helps you select vehicles that can meet your route demands without range anxiety or excessive downtime.
Municipal fleets require reliable charging and fueling infrastructure to support daily operations. CTE models charger placement, quantity, type, and power requirements, while also identifying utility upgrades and grid constraints to optimize costs and efficiency.
Transitioning to a zero-emission fleet involves new fuel cost considerations. CTE provides detailed fuel cost modeling to project long-term operational expenses for electricity and hydrogen. This includes evaluating electricity demand charges, time-of-use pricing, hydrogen production costs, and infrastructure investments to help municipalities develop sustainable and cost-effective fueling strategies.
Municipal fleets must procure vehicles and fueling equipment that align with their operational needs while maintaining flexibility for future expansion. CTE assists decision-makers in developing technical specifications for vehicles, charging infrastructure, and hydrogen fueling stations to support competitive procurement. This ensures that vehicles are properly equipped with the right battery or fuel cell capacity, and that charging stations, hydrogen dispensers, and other infrastructure components are compatible, reliable, and cost-effective.
CTE provides expert advisory services throughout the design, procurement, and build process to help municipal fleets select the best available technologies. This includes technical evaluations of vehicle platforms, charging and fueling solutions, and infrastructure providers to ensure investments align with operational goals. CTE also supports municipalities in navigating grant funding opportunities, compliance requirements, and vendor negotiations to streamline the transition to zero-emission fleet operations.
During the first months of deployment, CTE monitors vehicle and infrastructure performance, generating Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) to measure benefits. KPIs can be used to compare ZEV performance against the baseline fleet in metrics such as energy costs, utilization, battery degradation, and fuel economy under various conditions. This information quantifies cost and energy savings and emissions reductions. CTE has also found issues within equipment or operational strategies through KPI monitoring that save clients’ money.
Before the delivered vehicles or equipment enter service, CTE performs a series of tests to validate the expected levels of ZEV performance. If there are discrepancies between the modeled and the tested performance, CTE works with the operator to analyze the differences and pinpoint the cause, be it operational or within the vehicle or refueling equipment.
Our Services: Transition Planning
Municipal fleets include a wide variety of vehicles, from fire trucks and street sweepers to off-road and construction vehicles. CTE maintains a comprehensive database of the evolving zero-emission vehicle (ZEV) options across all vehicle types and technologies. Our database includes key details like battery capacity and range to help you identify viable ZEV options for your fleet.
To determine the range capability your fleet needs, CTE conducts a service assessment on duty cycles for all vehicles in the fleet. If available, CTE will leverage your existing telematics platform to determine each vehicle’s use conditions, including factors such as specific routes and schedules or emergency use needs. These insights provide evidence to establish how available ZEVs will fit into your fleet while minimizing operational disruptions.
Not all ZEVs will meet the needs of your fleet. CTE evaluates both:
Feasibility: Can a ZEV handle daily operations, including range, energy needs, and auxiliary functions (e.g., heating, lifts, or emergency response)?
Suitability: Are ZEV models available that can meet fleet requirements with proven reliability and reasonable costs? CTE assigns a Suitability Score to each vehicle type based on availability, reliability, safety, and cost—ensuring only practical recommendations.
CTE can help you navigate the evolving regulatory landscape, including potential exemptions, to comply with applicable regulations, including CARB’s Advanced Clean Fleets regulation for government fleets.
CTE creates a replacement schedule for your existing internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles with ZEVs based on four primary factors:
• Asset Replacement Schedule: Is the vehicle ready for replacement based on age, mileage, or hours?
• Duty Cycle Feasibility: Can the replacement ZEV feasibly meet the daily duty cycle?
• Vehicle Availability and Suitability: is the ZEV commercially available and is it a suitable replacement?
• Transition Goals: What strategies allow the fleet to meet its transition goals and timeframe while complying with regulations?
CTE estimates your fleet’s future fuel and energy needs and determines the required charging or refueling infrastructure to support ZEVs. This includes:
• Identifying the number and type of chargers or hydrogen stations needed
• Evaluating space, cost, and operational constraints
• Forecasting electricity or hydrogen costs and potential savings
CTE also models charge management strategies to help reduce utility costs.
Quantifying the emissions reduction benefits is an important tool to build support for your decarbonization plan. CTE can model the emissions savings for different transition pathways to support decision-making.
Beyond identifying the charging or refueling equipment needed, CTE provides implementation phase recommendations and analyzes the existing utility service capacity to determine if upgrades are needed. CTE can support discussions with your utility based on the forecasted future needs of the fleet and provide guidance on facility upgrades, timelines, and costs, including the safety upgrades required for maintaining hydrogen fleets.
Since internal combustion engines (ICE) and zero-emission vehicles have different maintenance requirements, they generally have different maintenance costs associated with them. CTE examines each technology’s related and analogous maintenance costs per mile or per hour as reported from real-world deployments to apply to the vehicle usage and estimate expected changes to vehicle maintenance costs as the fleet transitions.
For a resilient ZEV fleet, reliable backup power is essential. CTE conducts high-level assessments to identify the best infrastructure solutions for maintaining operations during emergencies and reducing strain on the grid. This includes evaluating backup generators, solar power, and battery storage systems at fleet facilities. Taking into account space, power capacity, cost, and operational constraints, CTE provides strategic recommendations to ensure uninterrupted fueling and charging, keeping your fleet prepared for any situation.
Switching to ZEVs impacts both operating and capital costs. While fuel and maintenance costs are often lower, upfront investments can be high. CTE provides a comprehensive cost analysis over the lifetime of your fleet transition. Additionally, funding and grant opportunities may be available, and CTE can assess and recommend opportunities to pursue. CTE provides these insights for informed decision-making and planning in comparison to the benefits of each transition scenario.
Municipal Project Spotlight
City of Glendale Non-Bus Fleet Transition Plan
The Center for Transportation and the Environment (CTE) led an effort on behalf of the City of Glendale to study the feasibility, expected greenhouse gas reductions, and anticipated high-level cost for transition of all gasoline, diesel, and compressed natural gas non-bus fleets to zero-emission vehicles. The study identified the costs, performance issues, risks, and recommended procurement timeline regarding transitioning to the City of Glendale’s long-term goal of operating a fully zero-emission fleet. CTE collected, reviewed, and evaluated data on the city fleet’s operations.
One goal of the study was to assess both the vehicles and the anticipated charging stations required to support the fleet. The study assessed the suitability of currently available battery electric vehicle models for light-duty vehicles, medium-duty vehicles, heavy-duty vehicles, pursuit vehicles, and non-road engines. CTE also prepared a market overview of suitable charging station options which included available models, considerations for interfacing between the chargers and the vehicles, and sample costs.

Upon completion of the feasibility analysis, the project team developed a strategy to guide the deployment of electric vehicles. CTE worked with the city’s project team to ensure the transition strategy not only met the city’s goals but was also targeted at achieving electrification during the deployment timeline.
CTE’s assessments of zero-emission vehicle options, charging infrastructure, and transition planning recommendations provided the City of Glendale with a comprehensive strategy to maximize emissions reduction by employees, the general public, and potentially other electric vehicle operators through optimization of its charging infrastructure. The strategy included funding opportunities for local governments in California, including local utility programs, state-funded zero-emission vehicle incentive programs, and programs administered by the local air quality management district. CTE presented the final report to the City Council in September. Based on the City Council feedback, CTE was charged with another task to analyze an alternative scenario that would result in a full transition by 2040, and address hydrogen fuel cell vehicles and fueling infrastructure within the plan. The project is complete.
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